英语表达中一般都是倾向尽量避免重复repetition，除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要。而大多雅思写作老师教学中都会有这样的要求：Never use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis or for clarity!

　　再补一刀:Fowler 兄弟在The King 's English 中提到，the repetition is more or less abnormal. The words repeated would ordinarily be either varied or left out.

　　同学们听到这样,看到这里的话，滴血的心里估计都只有默默的叫苦:“我也知道呀，但臣妾做不到呀！”本来单词量就有限，换两下估计就到绝路了!但雅思写作中有这样的要求：a wide range of vocabulary and expressions are expected to be used and there should not be too much repetition. 因为在像雅思这样的语言测试中，词汇资源的丰富是非常重要的考察点，准确多样的表达是一应试者的语言能力的主要体现之一。

　　今天环球教育（原环球教育）西安分校的杜向妮老师给打算要出国学习的同学们支几招，看怎么样绝处逢生，把导致我们频频被扣分的重复（repetition）消灭在我们的英语写作中。

　　Tip1:替代substitution/pro-forms

 Substitution is  a device for abbreviating and for avoiding repetition. In this second respect it is similar to use of lexical equivalents that are not identical repetition. ---by R.Quirk

　　常用的代名词有this/ that/both/neither/one/ones/which/the former/the latter /the kind。通俗点讲，用好各种指代形式来代替句子中或上文出现的词或信息尤其this，these，the former, the latter，which 这些指代不但能很好的避免重复还能起到很好逻辑关联作用。

　　例如:A problem of modern societies is the declining level of health in the general population, with conflicting views on how to tackle this worrying trend. (Cambridge 9, test 3)　　The harsh surroundings saw many who tried to settle their pushed to their limits, although some were successful. The Thule people were an example of the latter and for them the environment did not prove unmanageable. (Cambridge 6.test1)　　Making the punishment fit the crime is a useful notion, which would see children being made to pick up rubbish they have dropped, clean up graffiti they have drawn, or apologize to someone they have hurt. (Cambridge 10.test1)

　　Tip 2: 省略omission/zero substitution

　　即在并列的重复句式中，后句可省略和前句重复的词。

　　例如:

　　近朱者赤，近墨者黑

　　Association with the good can only produce good , with the wicked,evil.

　　野心乃成功之母但也是邪恶之源!

　　Ambition is the mother of success as well as of evil.

　　Tip3: 变换variation

　　Synonym 同近义词变换

　　必须要说，此方法是使用率最高的方法，但也是同学们常出错和倍感词汇量小，无力感逼死人的方法。此方法使用前提就是词汇量不能太小!同学们可以把一些雅思常考话题核心词汇都有目的背写，考场上就从容淡定了! 比如环保类话题肯定会多次提及 protect the environment ,那我们就可以同近义变换成: preserve the nature; keep the ecological balance; maintain the eco-balance; meet the challenges in the environment.

　　Hyponymy 上下义词变换

　　使用上义词或概括词generic term 来变换真的是一个考官都超级喜欢用的方法，不但会避免重复还很好得体现了，段落文章整体的关联.

　　例如:

　　下属词specific words 在论证段落的奇效就更不用多言了，看例文:　　Too much emphasis on military force would lay a heavy strain on the development of other industries. Maintaining the readiness of the army and the research of the advanced weapons may take up a large amount of limited funds and resource, thus slow down the growth of the other categories in a country.

　　段中心句中的核心词military force 在第二句解释中改写成了下属词，readiness of the army and the research of the advanced weapons. 首句中的heavy strain 具体化成了take up a large amount of limited funds and resources.这些改写不但使得我们在LR （lexical resource）上得分，而且还可以体现出内容上非常好的推进progressive explanation，这都是英语议论文的打分要害。

　　总之，除了同近义替换以外，并列中的省略，指代，和上下义词都是可以帮助我们在英语写作中避免用词表达的重复，体现出我们词汇表达的多样和语言熟练能力。

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